Most
Christians Discriminate Against Women in Ministry
Psychological
Perspectives
“I am no
longer a Southern Baptist.”
Beth Moore
Thousands of years ago, holy men from a small Middle Eastern tribe wrote sacred texts that Christian men used to justify preventing women from holding the highest positions in church leadership.
While Christian women ruled as queens in some nations, it took significant effort by women in the 1800s and early 1900s to persuade men to pass new laws granting them the right to vote. Meanwhile, some Christian groups took the bold step of departing from tradition to ordain women as church pastors (Gryboski, 2021, March 07). The United Church of Christ (UCC) ordained Antoinette Brown Blackwell as a minister in 1853, and the Disciples of Christ ordained Clara Celestia Hale Babcock as a pastor in 1888.
Women preached and served as evangelists in some Pentecostal groups following revival meetings in the early 1900s, where both women and men received a special baptism in the Holy Spirit, often associated with glossolalia and testimonies of divine healing (Kenyon, 2019). Despite a promising start for these women, most did not hold positions of authority over men in churches or within the church hierarchy of Pentecostal groups in the US or elsewhere. The US Assemblies of God has ordained women since the beginning of their fellowship in 1914. By April 2018, they elected the first woman to the group’s General Council.
Most mainline Christian denominations were much slower than the UCC in ordaining women as pastors or priests. In 1956, Methodist and Presbyterian women could become clergy, followed by a few Lutheran groups in 1970. In July 1974, a handful of women were ordained as Episcopalian priests (Gryboski, 2021, March 07).
As of 2024, most Christian women still cannot hold the same leadership positions as men. Only men can serve as priests in the Roman Catholic Church. In the US, the largest evangelical group, the Southern Baptists, does not permit women to serve as clergy.
HOLY CONFUSION
Christian leaders provide guidance to their members in matters of faith. When it comes to women, some favor equality while others do not. Policies are constructed based on interpretations of the Bible, with most interpreters being knowledgeable about the ancient languages and cultures of the Bible. They aim to discern what God intended for the followers of Jesus’ way. So, why are there different views? On one hand, there are various texts to consider, and on the other hand, psychological factors are at work.
ARGUMENTS AGAINST WOMEN SERVING AS CHURCH LEADERS
When I write about church leaders, I mean the highest level of service within an organization such as a parish priest or pastor and positions in a hierarchy such as a bishop.
>Arguments from Biblical Guidance
The major argument against women serving as clergy comes from a letter Paul wrote to Timothy. Paul makes a clear statement that he does not permit a woman to teach or have authority over a man (see 1 Timothy 2:12).
>Argument by Example
Jesus was a man and did not choose any men to serve as members of the original twelve apostles. Because other religions at the time of Christ did include women in priestly roles, it is likely that God could have included women among the twelve if this was part of God’s plan for Christianity (see Stagnaro, 2018, March 24).
>Argument Negating Paul’s Statement of Equality "in Christ"
Although Paul refers to no differences between male and female in Christ (Galatians 3: 28), Paul considers the church to be like a body having different but equally important parts (1 Corinthians 12: 5-29). Also, Paul’s statement is regarding salvation, which should not apply to the structure and hierarchy of the church that Paul has clearly presented as headed by a man.
Paul’s teaching about authority in the home is consistent with his teaching about male leadership in the church. Women are to submit to their husband’s leadership (see Ephesians 5).
> Argument of Complementary Roles
Women preached and served as evangelists in some Pentecostal groups following revival meetings in the early 1900s, where both women and men received a special baptism in the Holy Spirit, often associated with glossolalia and testimonies of divine healing (Kenyon, 2019). Despite a promising start for these women, most did not hold positions of authority over men in churches or within the church hierarchy of Pentecostal groups in the US or elsewhere. The US Assemblies of God has ordained women since the beginning of their fellowship in 1914. By April 2018, they elected the first woman to the group’s General Council.
Most mainline Christian denominations were much slower than the UCC in ordaining women as pastors or priests. In 1956, Methodist and Presbyterian women could become clergy, followed by a few Lutheran groups in 1970. In July 1974, a handful of women were ordained as Episcopalian priests (Gryboski, 2021, March 07).
As of 2024, most Christian women still cannot hold the same leadership positions as men. Only men can serve as priests in the Roman Catholic Church. In the US, the largest evangelical group, the Southern Baptists, does not permit women to serve as clergy.
HOLY CONFUSION
Christian leaders provide guidance to their members in matters of faith. When it comes to women, some favor equality while others do not. Policies are constructed based on interpretations of the Bible, with most interpreters being knowledgeable about the ancient languages and cultures of the Bible. They aim to discern what God intended for the followers of Jesus’ way. So, why are there different views? On one hand, there are various texts to consider, and on the other hand, psychological factors are at work.
ARGUMENTS AGAINST WOMEN SERVING AS CHURCH LEADERS
When I write about church leaders, I mean the highest level of service within an organization such as a parish priest or pastor and positions in a hierarchy such as a bishop.
>Arguments from Biblical Guidance
The major argument against women serving as clergy comes from a letter Paul wrote to Timothy. Paul makes a clear statement that he does not permit a woman to teach or have authority over a man (see 1 Timothy 2:12).
>Argument by Example
Jesus was a man and did not choose any men to serve as members of the original twelve apostles. Because other religions at the time of Christ did include women in priestly roles, it is likely that God could have included women among the twelve if this was part of God’s plan for Christianity (see Stagnaro, 2018, March 24).
>Argument Negating Paul’s Statement of Equality "in Christ"
Although Paul refers to no differences between male and female in Christ (Galatians 3: 28), Paul considers the church to be like a body having different but equally important parts (1 Corinthians 12: 5-29). Also, Paul’s statement is regarding salvation, which should not apply to the structure and hierarchy of the church that Paul has clearly presented as headed by a man.
Paul’s teaching about authority in the home is consistent with his teaching about male leadership in the church. Women are to submit to their husband’s leadership (see Ephesians 5).
> Argument of Complementary Roles
Complementarianism is the position that women and men are of equal worth, value, and respect as God's image bearers but they have different roles in society, ministry, and the home.
ARGUMENTS FAVORING WOMEN SERVING AS CHURCH LEADERS
>Argument by Example
Jesus communicated the news of the resurrection to women first. They communicated the gospel to the apostles. Select women were recognized by the apostle Paul for their important roles in the early years of the church.
Several advocates of women as clergy mention that Jesus chose Mary Magdalene to be the first one to preach the gospel (John 20:17)—that is, tell his disciples about the resurrection (e.g., Gryboski, 2023, March 9).
>Arguments Based on Jesus’ Commission
Rick Warren referred to Matthew 28: 19-20 in which Jesus sent his disciples to the nations. The church has traditionally interpreted this commission as applying to men and women (Gryboski, 2023, March 9).
>Argument Based on Paul’s Statement of Equality
Paul is often quoted by advocates of biblical equality as saying there is neither male or female in Christ (Galatians 3: 28)
>Arguments Based on Pentecost
Pentecostal arguments supporting women in leadership roles often point to the Bible and experiences of women equally blessed by God’s Spirit at Pentecost in Acts 2. Former Southern Baptist pastor Rick Warren also refers to the text, including the blessing in Joel 2: 28, which includes daughters.
>Arguments Negating Paul’s Instruction to Timothy
1. A common argument is based on a situational context. That is, Paul was thinking of a specific woman in a specific church.
2. Another argument is based on culture. That is, during Paul’s time and for most of Christendom, only select men received an education in the scriptures and other matters. Thus, women in Paul’s day were unprepared for leadership positions due to cultural constraints that no longer apply.
In contrast, there is no barrier to integrating the beliefs and values of Christianity and psychology regarding the equality of women and men for those Christians who support gender equality. Although inequality exists in society, including within psychology, psychologists identify these inequalities and offer research and suggestions (e.g., Novotney, 2019, April 1; 2024, July 8) to support women in leadership roles. Similarly, churches committed to the ordination and promotion of women are making progress as more and more women become ordained.
Questions for Christian Psychologists
Notes
In the US, the 19th amendment, which gave voting rights to women became law 26 August, 1920 (Seidman, 2020, August 21).
In 1967, Episcopalian women serving as deaconesses became members of the diaconate. A group of women were ordained 29 July 1974. In 1976, the General Convention approved with ordination of women to the priesthood with a beginning date of January 1, 1977 (episcopalchurch, n.d.).
For more details on Southern Baptist arguments against women serving as pastors, see Melick (1998, May 1).
For a review of research concerning Pentecostal and Charismatic beliefs and values, see Sutton, 2021.
ARGUMENTS FAVORING WOMEN SERVING AS CHURCH LEADERS
>Argument by Example
Jesus communicated the news of the resurrection to women first. They communicated the gospel to the apostles. Select women were recognized by the apostle Paul for their important roles in the early years of the church.
Several advocates of women as clergy mention that Jesus chose Mary Magdalene to be the first one to preach the gospel (John 20:17)—that is, tell his disciples about the resurrection (e.g., Gryboski, 2023, March 9).
>Arguments Based on Jesus’ Commission
Rick Warren referred to Matthew 28: 19-20 in which Jesus sent his disciples to the nations. The church has traditionally interpreted this commission as applying to men and women (Gryboski, 2023, March 9).
>Argument Based on Paul’s Statement of Equality
Paul is often quoted by advocates of biblical equality as saying there is neither male or female in Christ (Galatians 3: 28)
>Arguments Based on Pentecost
Pentecostal arguments supporting women in leadership roles often point to the Bible and experiences of women equally blessed by God’s Spirit at Pentecost in Acts 2. Former Southern Baptist pastor Rick Warren also refers to the text, including the blessing in Joel 2: 28, which includes daughters.
>Arguments Negating Paul’s Instruction to Timothy
1. A common argument is based on a situational context. That is, Paul was thinking of a specific woman in a specific church.
2. Another argument is based on culture. That is, during Paul’s time and for most of Christendom, only select men received an education in the scriptures and other matters. Thus, women in Paul’s day were unprepared for leadership positions due to cultural constraints that no longer apply.
> Argument Countering Complementarianism
Although the notion of complementary roles is couched in terms that God equally values women and men, fact remains that women are barred from select leadership roles. The phrase "separate but equal" has been used to describe complementarianism, which creates images of the horrible mistreatment of Black Americans during the era of segregation.
Research Data
CHRISTIAN DISCRIMINATION AGAINST WOMEN:
PSYCHOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES
Research Data
2003 Gallup survey: Only 5% of US congregations were led by a woman (Winesman, 2004)
2012 Study: 11 of American congregations led by women (Masci, 2014)
2019 NORC/AP poll: "The poll also showed that the majority of frequent and less-frequent churchgoers approve of women clergy and divorced clergy." (Shimon, 2019)
Research Concepts
Attribution Theory
People naturally search for causes of events and behavior. Many Christians attribute the words in the Bible to God as The Cause or The Author of the text, while others attribute the words of scripture to the men who wrote them. Christians who believe that biblical guidance regarding women being submissive to men (e.g., 1 Timothy 2:11-15) comes from God are unlikely to disobey what they perceive as a divine command. However, arguing against the perspective of a man is a much easier task. Attributing the authorship of biblical texts to God is easily sustained, as evidenced by the mere exposure effect mentioned below.
Confirmation Bias
Once a view is established, such as the long history of male priests in the Jewish faith that carried over into Christianity, it serves as a filter for information related to the nature of the priesthood. When searching the scriptures for guidance about women, there is a tendency to focus on supporting information and ignore nonsupporting information. This phenomenon is known as confirmation bias.
Mere Exposure Effect, Repetition, and Acceptance of Truth
Repeatedly telling people about a woman’s role in the church or that the Bible is God’s Word will have a lasting effect on what people believe is true. Familiar words engender a positive feeling and a sense of truth that transcends logical analysis.
When people are repeatedly exposed to words, the words become familiar and likable (e.g., Palumbo et al., 2021). Other researchers extended these findings to other presentations, discovering that exposure to art and architecture gradually increases likability for new or different works. These findings support a concept about human nature known as the mere exposure effect.
The power of repeated exposure to statements is perhaps most evident in studies of false information, which, when repeated, comes to be accepted as truth (e.g., see Hassan & Barber, 2021). This phenomenon is known as the illusory truth effect, the validity effect, and the truth effect. These findings have been applied with great effect in advertising, news media, and politics.
Sunk Costs Effect
When people have invested in something, they tend to find reasons to support their investment despite contrary evidence. For example, investors in stocks that are losing value often struggle to accept their losses and move their money to better investments. Some even “double down” by buying more of the investment when the price drops. This behavior is known as the sunk costs effect.
This tendency to cling to and invest in items losing value extends to nonmaterial items like ideas and beliefs. This may explain why some traditions, such as the authority of men over women and limited roles for women in leadership, persist for thousands of years. Men have invested considerable energy in their societal and religious roles, and some may even face financial losses when replaced by women.
Christians whose beliefs limit roles for women in society or the church maintain a view often labeled as sexist or discriminatory. This means men and women are treated unequally based solely on their sex. While it is recognized that supporters of these beliefs act in accordance with their understanding of scripture, the decision to hire men over women for leadership positions is not supported by many in society, including the field of psychology. The views concerning the equality of women and men are in conflict.
Psychologists in western nations like the United States are committed to women’s rights and gender equality and oppose discrimination based on sex or gender. The official positions of many large Christian groups concerning women cannot be reconciled with the views of psychologists. The stance of these Christian groups on women’s roles in the church conflicts with the official pronouncements of professional psychology and serves as a barrier to integrating Christianity and psychology.
People naturally search for causes of events and behavior. Many Christians attribute the words in the Bible to God as The Cause or The Author of the text, while others attribute the words of scripture to the men who wrote them. Christians who believe that biblical guidance regarding women being submissive to men (e.g., 1 Timothy 2:11-15) comes from God are unlikely to disobey what they perceive as a divine command. However, arguing against the perspective of a man is a much easier task. Attributing the authorship of biblical texts to God is easily sustained, as evidenced by the mere exposure effect mentioned below.
Confirmation Bias
Once a view is established, such as the long history of male priests in the Jewish faith that carried over into Christianity, it serves as a filter for information related to the nature of the priesthood. When searching the scriptures for guidance about women, there is a tendency to focus on supporting information and ignore nonsupporting information. This phenomenon is known as confirmation bias.
Mere Exposure Effect, Repetition, and Acceptance of Truth
Repeatedly telling people about a woman’s role in the church or that the Bible is God’s Word will have a lasting effect on what people believe is true. Familiar words engender a positive feeling and a sense of truth that transcends logical analysis.
When people are repeatedly exposed to words, the words become familiar and likable (e.g., Palumbo et al., 2021). Other researchers extended these findings to other presentations, discovering that exposure to art and architecture gradually increases likability for new or different works. These findings support a concept about human nature known as the mere exposure effect.
The power of repeated exposure to statements is perhaps most evident in studies of false information, which, when repeated, comes to be accepted as truth (e.g., see Hassan & Barber, 2021). This phenomenon is known as the illusory truth effect, the validity effect, and the truth effect. These findings have been applied with great effect in advertising, news media, and politics.
Sunk Costs Effect
When people have invested in something, they tend to find reasons to support their investment despite contrary evidence. For example, investors in stocks that are losing value often struggle to accept their losses and move their money to better investments. Some even “double down” by buying more of the investment when the price drops. This behavior is known as the sunk costs effect.
This tendency to cling to and invest in items losing value extends to nonmaterial items like ideas and beliefs. This may explain why some traditions, such as the authority of men over women and limited roles for women in leadership, persist for thousands of years. Men have invested considerable energy in their societal and religious roles, and some may even face financial losses when replaced by women.
CHIRISTIANITY AND PSYCHOLOGY:
IRRECONCILABLE DIFFERENCES
Christians whose beliefs limit roles for women in society or the church maintain a view often labeled as sexist or discriminatory. This means men and women are treated unequally based solely on their sex. While it is recognized that supporters of these beliefs act in accordance with their understanding of scripture, the decision to hire men over women for leadership positions is not supported by many in society, including the field of psychology. The views concerning the equality of women and men are in conflict.
Psychologists in western nations like the United States are committed to women’s rights and gender equality and oppose discrimination based on sex or gender. The official positions of many large Christian groups concerning women cannot be reconciled with the views of psychologists. The stance of these Christian groups on women’s roles in the church conflicts with the official pronouncements of professional psychology and serves as a barrier to integrating Christianity and psychology.
Christianity cannot be fully integrated with psychology
for groups that reject full equality of women and men.
In contrast, there is no barrier to integrating the beliefs and values of Christianity and psychology regarding the equality of women and men for those Christians who support gender equality. Although inequality exists in society, including within psychology, psychologists identify these inequalities and offer research and suggestions (e.g., Novotney, 2019, April 1; 2024, July 8) to support women in leadership roles. Similarly, churches committed to the ordination and promotion of women are making progress as more and more women become ordained.
Questions for Christian Psychologists
Can a Christian psychotherapist who believes it is sinful for a woman to have authority over men suppress their values and beliefs to adequately help women in leadership positions in matters of mental health, work-related stress, work-related conflicts, and similar concerns? Do psychotherapists' values affect the therapeutic alliance?
Can a Christian psychotherapist who believes it is sinful for a woman to serve in a pastoral role suppress their values and beliefs to adequately help female college or seminary students who are preparing for ministry? Do psychotherapists' values affect the therapeutic alliance?
Should Christian psychotherapists ethically disclose their views on women serving in leadership roles or having authority over men so that potential patients can make an informed choice?
Can a Christian professor of psychology at a Christian university or seminary that does not allow women to have authority over men or serve as clergy, identify with, and promote the values of the profession of psychology, which is fully supportive of gender and sex equality?
Are Christian psychologists in a position of advocating for a Christian Psychological Society that denies leadership roles for women?
Notes
In the US, the 19th amendment, which gave voting rights to women became law 26 August, 1920 (Seidman, 2020, August 21).
In 1967, Episcopalian women serving as deaconesses became members of the diaconate. A group of women were ordained 29 July 1974. In 1976, the General Convention approved with ordination of women to the priesthood with a beginning date of January 1, 1977 (episcopalchurch, n.d.).
For more details on Southern Baptist arguments against women serving as pastors, see Melick (1998, May 1).
For a review of research concerning Pentecostal and Charismatic beliefs and values, see Sutton, 2021.
Women's voices were heard concerning women's roles in the Catholic church in October 2023. See the article by Claire Giangrave (2023, October 25).
US laws prohibiting sex-based discrimination include: The Equal Pay Act of 1963, Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972, The Pregnancy Discrimination Act of 1978.
Theology can function as a suppressor variable in analyses comparing conservative and progressive church support for gender equality (Yancey et al., 2008).
"Many of the nation’s largest denominations, including Roman Catholics, Southern Baptists, Mormons (Latter-day Saints), and the Orthodox Church in America, do not ordain women or allow them to lead congregations." See Pew Research article by Masci, 2014, September 9)
A summary of the value of the therapeutic alliance can be found in an article by Dorothy Stubbe (2018)
References
episcopalchurch (n.d.). Ordination of women. An Episcopal Dictionary of the Church. Retrieved July 18, 2024 from https://www.episcopalchurch.org/glossary/ordination-of-women/
Gryboski, M. (2023, March 9). Rick Warren shares 3 bible passages that changed his mind on women pastors. Christian Post. Retrieved from https://www.christianpost.com/news/rick-warren-explains-what-changed-his-mind-on-women-pastors.html
Gryboski, M. (2021, March 7). Women’s history month: 7 Christian denominations that voted to allow female ordination. Christian Post. Retrieved from https://www.episcopalchurch.org/glossary/ordination-of-women/https://www.christianpost.com/news/7-christian-denominations-that-allow-women-to-be-ordained.html?page=2
Hassan, A., Barber, S.J. The effects of repetition frequency on the illusory truth effect. Cogn. Research 6, 38 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1186/s41235-021-00301-5
Kenyon, H. N. (2019). Ethics in the age of the spirit: Race, women, war, and the Assemblies of God. Eugene, OR: Pickwick. AMAZON link
Melick, R. R. (1998, May 1). Women pastors: What does the bible teach? Baptist Press. Retrieved from https://www.baptistpress.com/resource-library/sbc-life-articles/women-pastors-what-does-the-bible-teach/
Novotney, A. (2019, April 1). Renewing the push for equality. Monitor on Psychology, 50(4). https://www.apa.org/monitor/2019/04/cover-renewing-equality
Novotney, A. (2024, July 8). Women leaders make work better. Here’s the science behind how to promote them. https://www.apa.org/topics/women-girls/female-leaders-make-work-better
Palumbo, R., Di Domenico, A., Fairfield, B. et al. When twice is better than once: increased liking of repeated items influences memory in younger and older adults. BMC Psychol 9, 25 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40359-021-00531-8
Seigman, S. (2020, August 21). 100 years with the 19th amendment. Museum of the City of New York. Retrieved from https://www.mcny.org/story/100-years-19th-amendment?gad_source=1&gclid=Cj0KCQjw-uK0BhC0ARIsANQtgGOZFxyMlxMI7XBJEYyDmogZ1ecRWr0BA4_52QDBXvFzff2HPWbNTgYaAvAZEALw_wcB
Stagnaro, A. (2018, March 24). Some reasons why women can’t be priests. National Catholic Register. Retrieved from https://www.ncregister.com/blog/some-reasons-why-women-can-t-be-priests
Stubbe D. E. (2018). The Therapeutic Alliance: The Fundamental Element of Psychotherapy. Focus. American Psychiatric Publishing, 16(4), 402–403. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.focus.20180022
Sutton, G. W. (2021). Counseling and psychotherapy with Pentecostal and Charismatic Christians: Culture & Research | Assessment & Practice. Springfield, MO: Sunflower. ISBN-13 : 979-8681036524 AMAZON
Yancey, G., & Kim, Y. J. (2008). Racial diversity, gender equality, and SES diversity in Christian congregations: Exploring the connections of racism, sexism, and classism in multiracial and nonmultiracial churches. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 47(1), 103–111. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-5906.2008.00394.x
US laws prohibiting sex-based discrimination include: The Equal Pay Act of 1963, Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972, The Pregnancy Discrimination Act of 1978.
Theology can function as a suppressor variable in analyses comparing conservative and progressive church support for gender equality (Yancey et al., 2008).
Geoffrey W. Sutton, PhD is Emeritus Professor of Psychology. He retired from a clinical practice and was credentialed in clinical neuropsychology and psychopharmacology. His website is www.suttong.com
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References
episcopalchurch (n.d.). Ordination of women. An Episcopal Dictionary of the Church. Retrieved July 18, 2024 from https://www.episcopalchurch.org/glossary/ordination-of-women/
Gryboski, M. (2023, March 9). Rick Warren shares 3 bible passages that changed his mind on women pastors. Christian Post. Retrieved from https://www.christianpost.com/news/rick-warren-explains-what-changed-his-mind-on-women-pastors.html
Gryboski, M. (2021, March 7). Women’s history month: 7 Christian denominations that voted to allow female ordination. Christian Post. Retrieved from https://www.episcopalchurch.org/glossary/ordination-of-women/https://www.christianpost.com/news/7-christian-denominations-that-allow-women-to-be-ordained.html?page=2
Hassan, A., Barber, S.J. The effects of repetition frequency on the illusory truth effect. Cogn. Research 6, 38 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1186/s41235-021-00301-5
Kenyon, H. N. (2019). Ethics in the age of the spirit: Race, women, war, and the Assemblies of God. Eugene, OR: Pickwick. AMAZON link
Melick, R. R. (1998, May 1). Women pastors: What does the bible teach? Baptist Press. Retrieved from https://www.baptistpress.com/resource-library/sbc-life-articles/women-pastors-what-does-the-bible-teach/
Novotney, A. (2019, April 1). Renewing the push for equality. Monitor on Psychology, 50(4). https://www.apa.org/monitor/2019/04/cover-renewing-equality
Novotney, A. (2024, July 8). Women leaders make work better. Here’s the science behind how to promote them. https://www.apa.org/topics/women-girls/female-leaders-make-work-better
Palumbo, R., Di Domenico, A., Fairfield, B. et al. When twice is better than once: increased liking of repeated items influences memory in younger and older adults. BMC Psychol 9, 25 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40359-021-00531-8
Seigman, S. (2020, August 21). 100 years with the 19th amendment. Museum of the City of New York. Retrieved from https://www.mcny.org/story/100-years-19th-amendment?gad_source=1&gclid=Cj0KCQjw-uK0BhC0ARIsANQtgGOZFxyMlxMI7XBJEYyDmogZ1ecRWr0BA4_52QDBXvFzff2HPWbNTgYaAvAZEALw_wcB
Stagnaro, A. (2018, March 24). Some reasons why women can’t be priests. National Catholic Register. Retrieved from https://www.ncregister.com/blog/some-reasons-why-women-can-t-be-priests
Stubbe D. E. (2018). The Therapeutic Alliance: The Fundamental Element of Psychotherapy. Focus. American Psychiatric Publishing, 16(4), 402–403. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.focus.20180022
Sutton, G. W. (2021). Counseling and psychotherapy with Pentecostal and Charismatic Christians: Culture & Research | Assessment & Practice. Springfield, MO: Sunflower. ISBN-13 : 979-8681036524 AMAZON
Yancey, G., & Kim, Y. J. (2008). Racial diversity, gender equality, and SES diversity in Christian congregations: Exploring the connections of racism, sexism, and classism in multiracial and nonmultiracial churches. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 47(1), 103–111. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-5906.2008.00394.x
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